Analyses of deep mammalian sequence alignments and constraint predictions for 1% of the human genome

Margulies, E. H., Cooper, G. M., Asimenos, G., Thomas, D. J., Dewey, C. N., Siepel, A., Birney, E., Keefe, D., Schwartz, A. S., Hou, M., Taylor, J., Nikolaev, S., Montoya-Burgos, J. I., Loytynoja, A., Whelan, S., Pardi, F., Massingham, T., Brown, J. B., Bickel, P., Holmes, I., Mullikin, J. C., Ureta-Vidal, A., Paten, B., Stone, E. A., Rosenbloom, K. R., Kent, W. J., Bouffard, G. G., Guan, X., Hansen, N. F., Idol, J. R., Maduro, V. V., Maskeri, B., McDowell, J. C., Park, M., Thomas, P. J., Young, A. C., Blakesley, R. W., Muzny, D. M., Sodergren, E., Wheeler, D. A., Worley, K. C., Jiang, H., Weinstock, G. M., Gibbs, R. A., Graves, T., Fulton, R., Mardis, E. R., Wilson, R. K., Clamp, M., Cuff, J., Gnerre, S., Jaffe, D. B., Chang, J. L., Lindblad-Toh, K., Lander, E. S., Hinrichs, A., Trumbower, H., Clawson, H., Zweig, A., Kuhn, R. M., Barber, G., Harte, R., Karolchik, D., Field, M. A., Moore, R. A., Matthewson, C. A., Schein, J. E., Marra, M. A., Antonarakis, S. E., Batzoglou, S., Goldman, N., Hardison, R., Haussler, D., Miller, W., Pachter, L., Green, E. D., Sidow, A. (June 2007) Analyses of deep mammalian sequence alignments and constraint predictions for 1% of the human genome. Genome Research, 17 (6). pp. 760-74. ISSN 1088-9051

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URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17567995
DOI: 10.1101/gr.6034307

Abstract

A key component of the ongoing ENCODE project involves rigorous comparative sequence analyses for the initially targeted 1% of the human genome. Here, we present orthologous sequence generation, alignment, and evolutionary constraint analyses of 23 mammalian species for all ENCODE targets. Alignments were generated using four different methods; comparisons of these methods reveal large-scale consistency but substantial differences in terms of small genomic rearrangements, sensitivity (sequence coverage), and specificity (alignment accuracy). We describe the quantitative and qualitative trade-offs concomitant with alignment method choice and the levels of technical error that need to be accounted for in applications that require multisequence alignments. Using the generated alignments, we identified constrained regions using three different methods. While the different constraint-detecting methods are in general agreement, there are important discrepancies relating to both the underlying alignments and the specific algorithms. However, by integrating the results across the alignments and constraint-detecting methods, we produced constraint annotations that were found to be robust based on multiple independent measures. Analyses of these annotations illustrate that most classes of experimentally annotated functional elements are enriched for constrained sequences; however, large portions of each class (with the exception of protein-coding sequences) do not overlap constrained regions. The latter elements might not be under primary sequence constraint, might not be constrained across all mammals, or might have expendable molecular functions. Conversely, 40% of the constrained sequences do not overlap any of the functional elements that have been experimentally identified. Together, these findings demonstrate and quantify how many genomic functional elements await basic molecular characterization.

Item Type: Paper
Uncontrolled Keywords: Animals *Evolution, Molecular *Genome, Human Human Genome Project Humans Mammals/*genetics *Open Reading Frames *Phylogeny *Sequence Alignment
Subjects: bioinformatics > genomics and proteomics > alignment > sequence alignment
evolution
bioinformatics > genomics and proteomics > genetics & nucleic acid processing > genomes
organism description > animal > mammal > primates > hominids > human
CSHL Authors:
Communities: CSHL labs > Siepel lab
Depositing User: Matt Covey
Date: June 2007
Date Deposited: 14 Jan 2015 16:06
Last Modified: 14 Jan 2015 16:06
PMCID: PMC1891336
Related URLs:
URI: https://repository.cshl.edu/id/eprint/31082

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